Growth of railway corporations of the United States was typical for development of the industrial

Growth of railway corporations of the United States was typical for development of the industrial organisation in this country. Early railway corporations were small. Philadelphia, Wilmington and the Baltimorsky Railway, for example, included lines of four companies. In 1850 road connecting Albany and , included lines of seven companies. Within last fifty years the majority of the small companies united to generate corporations which operate now our big railway systems. Though last statistical message of the Interstate Commission of Trade - that within a year finished on June, 30th 1896 - contains financial messages from 1985 companies, there were only 782 'independent operational roads,' the rest from the companies to be the auxiliary organisations. This message shows, that forty four of these making firms have a cumulative distance which is equaled almost to the six tenth parts of full railway distance of the United States. Really, the statistican to the Interstate Commission of Trade declared in 1894 it 'more than 83 percent. From business of railways and 82 percent. From their income fall under the control less than forty associations of business men.'

Dealers of the Commission receive and sell the goods belonging to another for indemnification,

Dealers of the Commission receive and sell the goods belonging to another for indemnification, named the commission. The trading agent - the person who represents the manufacturing industry enterprise in its business relations with trade. The factory can be located in a small city while the trading agent has its office and samples in heart of the big city. As to quantity of the goods bought or sold in the unique transaction, trade is divided into wholesale trade and retail. The wholesale dealer sells to other dealers while the retail dealer sells to the consumer that is, to the person who consumes, or use, the goods. The intermediary - the one who buys from importers and manufacturers and sells to retail sellers. It constantly is in the market for transactions. The intermediary of names and the wholesale dealer are often used in the same sense, but the intermediary sometimes sells to wholesale dealers. Wholesale trade has a reference to quantity which the dealer sells, instead of on a source from which he buys, or the person to whom he sells. The wholesale dealer, as a rule, deals in the goods of the main products that is which are a used season after a season - though certainly in actually all firms there are wholesale dealers.

The world had bankers and change machines during thousand years

The world had bankers and change machines during thousand years. The Babylon tablets have been found, which make entry of bank operations which took place in domination Nebuchadnezzar. Modern banking establishments, however, have arisen in the twelfth century. The Bank of Venice was the first establishment of this character in Europe, has based a. d. 1171. It has been based under the compulsory loan of republic. The funds deposited by it, could not be withdrawn, but have been transferred on books in pleasure of owners. The bank of Genoa [216] has been based in 1407, and many years were one of the basic banks
From Europe. It was the first to let out bank notes in circulation; they were contractual only that is, they have not been made by the check payable to bearer. It was long step before earlier system of transfers of the deposit which also was used by this bank. The bank of Amsterdam established in 1607, was the earliest considerable establishment of a kind which looked at trade encouragement. The bank of Hamburg established in 1619, was depositary bank and the reference based on fine silver bars. Deposits have been limited by silver. The state bank of England - is more than 200 years and as today recognise, are the greatest financial institution in the world. Almost all paper money of England is let out by this bank. This currency [217] is based partially
On securities and partially on coin deposits. Is to three or four banks in the United States more than hundred years. In 1781 Robert Morris, then the head of the finance presented to the Congress the plan concerning establishment of Bank of the North America in Philadelphia. In 1784 state of Massachusetts has included Bank of Massachusetts. In 1791 Bank of New York has been diplomaed.
FOOTNOTE:

Owing to irregular accustoming of a surface of the country good roads to Japan as can speak hardly,

Owing to irregular accustoming of a surface of the country good roads to Japan as can speak hardly, exist. But 20 000 miles of roads have been constructed, from which the state supports approximately one quarter. There are also 2505 miles of the railway which the state has and supports approximately one quarter also. There are 11 720 miles of routes of telegraph, from 37 000 miles of a wire; 520 miles of telephone routes, with 6347 miles of a wire; and 387 miles of underwater cable routes, with 1481 lovelier than a wire. [154] the country also has a merchant marine fleet of 827 steam courts of modern type and 702 sailing vessels of modern type,
Besides 668 native crafts. Owing to the irregular and rocky nature of a coastal line and the big number of small islands which exist, numerous beacons are necessary; but system of a beacon of Japan - one of the best in the world.
FOREIGN TRADE OF JAPAN

[26]

Now, banks and clearing houses through which the check passes moving ahead their house press and other information concerning a back
[26]
Now, banks and clearing houses through which the check passes moving ahead their house press and other information concerning a back. Our illustration shows back parts of two checks which 'have gone'. Millions dollars are collected by banks daily thus, and all without the expense to their clients. It is considered, that these collections stand to banks of New York more than two million dollars a year in interest loss, while checks in a way. Ten thousand letters of a collection are sent daily by banks of one only New York.
IX. COMMERCIAL PROJECTS

[30]

The approved project - really promissory note though it name acceptance is more often
[30]
The approved project - really promissory note though it name acceptance is more often. When the person pays or the project approves, it as speak, observes it. On previous illustration A it is not obliged or to pay or approve the project. It does not connect on it more than the letter would be. He can refuse payment so easily and so with readiness as he could refuse to pay to the collector who calls for payment accounts. Certainly, if the person usually refuses to observe lawful projects, it can damage its credit with banks and business buildings.

D pulls in the similar way on F

D pulls in the similar way on F. E involves R, and P on G.Predpolozhite, that instead of involving K receives the project delayed by Bank B of London on Bank of New York, subject to payment to order .

The cumulative effect of humiliated transportation should increase distance on which for the

The cumulative effect of humiliated transportation should increase distance on which for the manufacturer and the consumer probably to deal with each other. It offers the manufacturer wider market and to the consumer more various source of delivery. As a whole, humiliated transportation is more homogeneously favourable to the consumer; its time advantage to the manufacturer very often leads to overproduction. It has effect also callings of almost homogeneous prices all over the world.

In a capture in the newspaper of a collection banks should receive clear instructions from its

In a capture in the newspaper of a collection banks should receive clear instructions from its owners concerning, whether there should [47] be it objected in case of non-payment. It
No means follows it, the formal protest is not desirable, because the paper has no . Many banks do by a rule to object all not paid paper if differently is not ordered.

Usual tools of the credit by means of which travellers abroad catch up with the deposits of the

Usual tools of the credit by means of which travellers abroad catch up with the deposits of the house, are known as circular letters of the credit. These forms of the credit have such usual use, that all should be familiar with their form. We reproduce here the facsimile of [39] first and second pages a
The circular letter for? 1000, copied from little change of names from the actual tool. The first page shows to the credit the appropriate commission of various correspondents of bank, letting out it to pay to the holder which signature is given on her face, money up to? 1000. Names of banks which are authorised to advance money after the letter, are usually printed on the third and fourth pages though the letters which have been let out by known bank buildings, usually admit any bank building to which they are presented.

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers. Banks buy these notes from brokers of the note. The help of the broker which addresses with the bill, is the necessary and valuable help to purchasing bank. Completely three quarters of all paper bought by banks in the big cities, are bought under the simple recommendation of brokers of the note. As a rule these brokers simply transfer a paper, not guaranteeing its payment. The notes bought by banks from brokers of the note without them as it is considered, as, they guarantee, will be as it should be in all points except that which covers a question of, whether will pay it or not. The bank uses the best judgement in risking. If the dealer of the note on sale of notes to bank does to what he trusts to be fair and fair representations concerning any specific paper statements of such direct type, that on them no charge of false excuses can be made to have a rest - it simply guarantees the note, original concerning names, date, quantity, etc., and that on sale of it it transfers the good name to a paper. As business men, however, they are very cautious and extremely worry, that a paper which they sell, should be paid, and as a rule they do good any losses which grow from obvious distortions on their part.
NORMS OF BANKERS FOR LOANS

In municipal corporations participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone stops to be the

In municipal corporations participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone stops to be the participant when it moves from a city or a city while each new inhabitant becomes the participant when according to the law it becomes the allocated right to privileges of local citizenship.

The big prosperity of Argentina has occurred because of degree and direct suitability of its

The big prosperity of Argentina has occurred because of degree and direct suitability of its agricultural resources as its wood riches remain undeveloped, and its minerals are rather poor. Its extensive and plains without stones did not require any 'improvements' to make their suitable for settlement, and soil which covers their being a virgin crop of bears of riches after a crop, not impregnating and with very small . Immigrants arrive to the country without dollar, and in twenty years owners of conditions of 5000 acres everyone. In any country in the world has agricultural expansion, faster. In twenty years the earth area in acres at has increased 1400 percent. The quantity at in one only to wheat has increased 2600 percent. 40 000 000 averages of manufacture of wheat which far does not require one quarter of full export of wheat of the United States. Manufacture on 1897 made 60 000 000 though the exported quantity was much less than it. Wheat product is really very variable, owing to a drought and a locust, as as Australia, Argentina is doubtful in the downpour. The grain yield is steadier, and in 1896 made (for one only export) to 60 000 000 . More important in aggregate than direct products of soil indirect products. There is 22 000 000 horned livestock, kept in Argentina, 75 000 000 sheep, and 4 500 000 horses. Full export of animals and products of animals makes 70$, - [182 000,000. From this export the basic point
The wool, paper clip of a wool of Argentina to be, in weight, the one seventh full paper clip of a wool of the world. Unfortunately, however, the Argentina wool is very dirty, and when is washed up reduces to one third while the Australian wool reduces only to two thirds or three fifth and is free from seeds. The profit, collecting to the Argentina manufacturer of a wool, thus is reduced. But, however, wool growth in Argentina - very favourable industry, and at many farmers (mainly Irish ) is from 50 000 to 100 000 sheep everyone. The horned livestock agriculture is continued mainly by the native Argentinean, and many cattle-breeding farms are supplied about the whole 10 000 horned livestock and horses 2000 everyone. The big export of Argentina, therefore, after wheat and grain and a wool, disappears also skin, the oil, the cooled beef, both mutton and bones. There are five factories in the Madrigals of Buenos Aires occupied completely in frightening mutton, and export of the cooled mutton to one only the Great Britain makes 5 000 000$ in a year. Other growing agricultural product - wine, the annual manufacture which is of 1 500 000 gallons. Despite magnificent wood areas of Argentina, but a few wood it is exported or even it is made for house consumption. Other basic manufacturing industry - the car - a cart - and seat belt creation, a cigarette - and competition creation, preservation and tinning meat, brewing, a flour - and grains, and creation from macaroni.
[183]
MADRIGALS BUENOS-AJRESA
The most succeeding part of the South America.

Fixed capital

Fixed capital. This name is given the rough capital for which the company is organised, without any reference to its value or to, whether have paid to it completely or not. The paid capital - the quantity received from shareholders on actions for which they have subscribed.

The condition of Italy is in certain respects better than that from Spain, but in worse others

The condition of Italy is in certain respects better than that from Spain, but in worse others. Its population 30 500 000, being three times is more to square mile than that from Spain, and fifty percent. It is more to square mile than that from France. About 1830 population has increased forty five percent., and it despite the fact, that loss by emigration is equal to one half of natural increase from surplus of births in deadly cases. Two million person of the Italian birth today live in foreign countries. Again, Italians, except those [115] in southern parts (Italians of Naples and affinity, for example),
The majority of hardworking people in Europe, with special ability for gardening and an arable land. In fifty years they have corrected 20 000 000 acres from wood, and have increased earth area at by hundred percent. In fifty years, also, they have trebled quantity of the capital which invest in agriculture. With 1860 they have increased quantity of a material, which they use in their textile (a clap, a wool, silk, and a cloth) almost . With 1850 they have increased the foreign trade two and one half of times. At last, with 1830, they have increased the domestic trade two and quarter times. But all these signs of prosperity in Italy - negatived in constantly increasing size of its public debt. It makes now more than 2,500,000,000$, or it is more than two and one half of times a full pure public debt of the United States, and approximately one quarter is more than the full compatriot, the state, a county, municipal, and debts of school district of the United States. And this extensive debt for people 30 500 000 is exclusive from provincial and municipal debts which make additional 275 000 000$. Italy since its reorganisation as kingdom in 1870 intended to be the first class military both naval power, and cost - more than it can stand. It has a standing army almost 800 000 men, 250 000 of which it constantly holds under the weapon. It has a fleet of seventeen linear ships, two courts of the coastal defence, eighteen cruisers, and 272 crafts of a torpedo, the majority of them having modern type and in the first class an estimation. It spends for its army almost 50 000 000$ annually, and on its fleet almost 20 000 000$ annually. It, with annual payment of interest 115 000 000$, all non-productive expenses, demands on its income which exhausts its people of blood of their life. To each kind of the taxation address k-direct and indirect; the earth, [116] house, and the income; sequence duties, registration charges, and the press for bills;
Customs, the excise and octroi; besides the governmental monopolies; and all this exclusive the municipal taxation. And still with 1891 was annual deficiency of the national income at the national expenses averaging 2 250 000$. As consequence of these taxes, and repressive effect they have on the industrial enterprise, the country net profit in the inhabitant more low in Italy than in any other European state except Turkey, Russia, and is lower Greece, even, than in states Danubian and Portugal and Spain.
TRADE OF ITALY AND SPECIAL SHOPPING CENTERS

The obligation - the debt certificate, defining interest and declaring when the head needs to pay;

The obligation - the debt certificate, defining interest and declaring when the head needs to pay; the certificate on a stock - the certificate, that the owner - the co-owner in the company, not the creditor of the company, and not having the right to return its money except sale of a stock or finishing of business of the company. The bonds which have been let out by the joint-stock companies and corporations, are really on their resources. Such obligation is usually provided on factory of the company, the privilege, and actives, or some part of it. Corporate bonds can be let out only the consent and a management of shareholders of the company or corporation.

Notice illustrations

Notice illustrations. The notice of the protest to the left of Number 1, 2, and 4 is intended for the bank representing the project for payment. The reason for this purpose will be completely explained in our lesson on a paper to which object. (See XIII.), Number 2 shows the approved project which is subject to payment to the order of bank in a city on which it is delayed. Number 1 is subject to payment to the bank order in a box city. Number 3 is the project of the kind which is subject to payment to the order of bank and accepted subject payment in bank. Number 4 is the urgent bill of exchange which is subject to payment to 'to us is direct' - that is, the Metallurgical company of Pennsylvania.

But, fertile as soil of India, and benevolent to an agricultural production as its climate in

But, fertile as soil of India, and benevolent to an agricultural production as its climate in general, its climate is not always favorable. It periodically suffers from surplus of a drought. As consequence to artificial it is necessary to address, or the most part of this fertile country often was desert. In one only the British India of irrigation canals of 28 000 miles are under the government control, 14 000 from which have been constructed by existing (British) governmental works of extensive measurements and the highest technical skill. As a whole 28 000 000 acres in the British India depend for their necessary delivery of humidity to the general , and 8 000 000 on irrigation canals. There was it not for these irrigation canals, 2 000 000 acres in Scinde (northwest India) will be infinite desert as Scinde it is almost perfect . On the other hand, in the most part of India the downpour is excessive. Some areas really are the most damp on globe. In Assam, for example (which is also one of the hottest places in India), the downpour makes 600 inches annually, and it was 650. As consequence of the river in India often leave the coast. Therefore, to protect the country on lower river limits from flooding the British government has constructed more than 1500 miles of quays.
[132]
MINERALS OF INDIA

D pulls in the similar way on F

D pulls in the similar way on F. E involves R, and P on G.Predpolozhite, that instead of involving K receives the project delayed by Bank B of London on Bank of New York, subject to payment to order .

In municipal corporations participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone stops to be the

In municipal corporations participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone stops to be the participant when it moves from a city or a city while each new inhabitant becomes the participant when according to the law it becomes the allocated right to privileges of local citizenship.

If you wish to use your check to pay the note, should in some other bank, or in real estate

If you wish to use your check to pay the note, should in some other bank, or in real estate purchase, either stocks, or bonds, you can find necessary to certify the check. It is made by the official of bank who writes or prints through the person of the check of a word 'or' Good When Properly Confirmed, 'and signs its name. (See an illustration). The quantity will be immediately subtracted from your account, and bank, guaranteeing your check, becomes responsible for its payment. Banks will usually certify any check, caught up them if to the investor have called for quantity to its credit irrespective of who represents the check, and this certificate does it for the person to bear in its pocket any quantity of actual cash. If you certify the check and then not use it, bring it in your bank, differently your account will be short quantity for which will delay the check. In Canada all checks are presented 'the keeper of the account book' for the certificate before to be presented to the paying cashier.
The certified check.
[15]
FULL VALUE OF BANKS

It to be essential by an agency life that its messages [261] fair and free from any element of

It to be essential by an agency life that its messages [261] fair and free from any element of doubt. The public confidence of reliability of messages will be
Define company prosperity. Probably at first sight it would seem, as though the system of the message on the financial information was serious discrimination against men of the smaller capital and in favour of the rich man. But the simple capital not the unique element entering an estimation of ability to pay. Character and reputation - strong forces in the help to the dealer in credit definition. The agency opens the facts and not opinions. And it within a range of possibility of any to create and support its credit. The capital can gradually grow, but the credit sometimes is established or collapses the unique certificate.

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers

Dealers sell very many of their notes in the open market that is, to note brokers. Banks buy these notes from brokers of the note. The help of the broker which addresses with the bill, is the necessary and valuable help to purchasing bank. Completely three quarters of all paper bought by banks in the big cities, are bought under the simple recommendation of brokers of the note. As a rule these brokers simply transfer a paper, not guaranteeing its payment. The notes bought by banks from brokers of the note without them as it is considered, as, they guarantee, will be as it should be in all points except that which covers a question of, whether will pay it or not. The bank uses the best judgement in risking. If the dealer of the note on sale of notes to bank does to what he trusts to be fair and fair representations concerning any specific paper statements of such direct type, that on them no charge of false excuses can be made to have a rest - it simply guarantees the note, original concerning names, date, quantity, etc., and that on sale of it it transfers the good name to a paper. As business men, however, they are very cautious and extremely worry, that a paper which they sell, should be paid, and as a rule they do good any losses which grow from obvious distortions on their part.
NORMS OF BANKERS FOR LOANS

The cumulative effect of humiliated transportation should increase distance on which for the

The cumulative effect of humiliated transportation should increase distance on which for the manufacturer and the consumer probably to deal with each other. It offers the manufacturer wider market and to the consumer more various source of delivery. As a whole, humiliated transportation is more homogeneously favourable to the consumer; its time advantage to the manufacturer very often leads to overproduction. It has effect also callings of almost homogeneous prices all over the world.

The corporation should have a name for which it should be known in the law and in the transaction

The corporation should have a name for which it should be known in the law and in the transaction of its business. The name is given it in its charter-party or the charter of joint-stock company and should adhere to. The requirement of use of the name of corporation for business management follows from the fact, that in corporate affairs the law knows corporation as the person and does not notice making participants.
CORPORATE INTERESTS

Cost of transfer of an ingot from one country to another forms a limit in which limits increase and

Cost of transfer of an ingot from one country to another forms a limit in which limits increase and falling of a real exchange between them should be limited. If for an illustration the New York dealer owes a debt in [35], London and an exchange stand to it, say, two percent., and cost of shipment of gold is only one
Percent., it should pay in its interests a debt, sending an actual coin through. The favorable real exchange influences as a duty export and as generosity on import.
(Private) bill.

There are, however, a few hopes of the lowest classes of Russia

There are, however, a few hopes of the lowest classes of Russia. It because of prevalence among them, especially in villages, cities, and cities, municipal custom, in which restraint and self-management - necessary conditions of existence. In each branch of the general industry of 'artel' are found; that is, the communistic organisations where all work for the general purse according to rules and instructions is certain by members of the organisations. These 'artels' have made much to increase in the industry, honesty, truthfulness, development, and also moderation of their participants. They exist everywhere across all Russia, but in some parts is more extended than in others. For the present, however, they hardly mention character and [123] condition
Rural peasantry, and they are most of all in requirement of an eminence. It is necessary to tell, also, that the government does something to reduce harm of intoxication.
RUSSIA MAINLY AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY

[7]

The example resulted below displays badly written check and what could be very easily lifted
[7]
The example resulted below displays badly written check and what could be very easily lifted. The roguish receiver could, for example write, 'ninety' before 'six' and '9' before number '6', and thus to lift the check from 6$ to 96$. If it has been made, and the check on money the manufacturer, instead of the bank, would become responsible for loss. You cannot consider other people responsible for your own negligence. The check has been lifted from 100$ to 190$ by the letter of words 'and ninety' after words 'hundred.' One of code numbers in numbers has been changed on '9', adding a tail to it. Wisely to pull a running line, thus ~~~~~~, after quantity in words, thus preventing any additional letter.
Badly delayed check.

The real riches of India are much and economic value of its vegetation

The real riches of India are much and economic value of its vegetation. As consequence a key industry - agriculture. Only the one tenth people lives in cities. Two thirds of adult men in the country are occupied completely in tilling soil. Each kind of the agricultural product, known to trade, is lifted in India; as from high levels on the mountain parties to low levels at coasts the vegetation of the whole world is made within its borders. Even in wheat India competes in the markets in the world to the countries as Russia and Argentina. In 1896 at the British India was 19 000 000 acres of wheat at , and (though year of a lack) export 4 000 000$. In 1892 export made 25 000 000$. The area known as the Central Area of India, became one of the most important areas of wheat in the world. But the basic agricultural product of India - fig. One only the British India has 70 000 000 acres of rice at , and annual export 60 000 000$. In all coast rice of areas is grown up universally, and also in lower parts of river plains, especially in [134] valley of Ganges. It is the basic food of people everywhere behind an exception above
Levels. On millet of higher levels and corn (grain) the basic products. The following important agricultural product of India - a clap which value for 47 000 000$ in the crude state is exported annually besides it is used the at home. The American civil war was the big reason of start of the industry growing up a clap in India. The following important agricultural product - jute which export to the crude state makes approximately 35 000 000$. No country in the world can compete to India in manufacture of this fibre as jute is very settling of soil, and in a valley of Ganges where it is mainly lifted, the soil is filled annually up . The fifth big agricultural product - tea in which India results now the world. England uses twice more tea of India as the Chinese tea, the reason which is, that teas of India are made with all economic care of the first class English or American made product. Value of export of tea of India makes approximately 27 000 000$. Other main agricultural products - opium (which is the governmental monopoly), oil seeds, disappears, and skin, indigo (in which India surpasses the world, value of the export which is 14 000 000$), coffee (the best, grown up somewhere - except possible from Arabia and Java - though the bean is sometimes damaged by that in a way), a crude wool, lac (to paint), a crust or the Peruvian bark (which as it has been lifted in India, crude silk, crude sugar, tobacco, and spices has very much reduced the quinine price). Spices are made much to India, but their quality not to Equally east Indian spices. Also the clap, rice, sugar, and tobacco of India though it is made is a lot of, is the lowest on quality to that of the United States. Wheat and grain of India so good as wheat and grain of the United States and Canada. Improved , however, in time will improve quality all these [135] products. From export of natural products, not agricultural the head, wood (basically a tic, the most valuable wood known for a vessel -
System, and the salt, the most valuable wood for works) and saltpetre.
MANUFACTURING OF GROWTH OF INDIA

The point in official returnings which the greatest appears for export, is it which is grains as

The point in official returnings which the greatest appears for export, is it which is grains as which consider. This term includes wheat, grain, an oats, a rye, both other grains, and a flour or the dishes prepared from them. Within a year which is coming to an end on June, 30th 1898, our full export of grains made 334 000 000$. It is huge increase for a year before when the quantity was not absolutely 200 000 000$. [5] most part of this increase occurred because of the high prices for grains which prevailed in the European markets within last autumn and winter, but the increase part occurred because of the increased area of the earth in acres and to good grain crops. The main products which have made this extensive export, were: wheat, 146 000 000$; wheat flour, 70 000 000$; grain, 75 000 000$; fodder grain, 2 000 000$; an oats and porridge, 22 500 000$; a rye and a rye flour, 9 000 000$, and barley, 5 500 000$. The size of our export of grains can be estimated from size and importance of our export of wheat and a flour in comparison with that of other countries. Our average export of wheat two and one half of times that from Russia, four and times that one thirds from Argentina, five and one half of times that from India, and almost in twenty five times more than that from Canada, while it also four and one half of times that from all other countries in the incorporated world. Our export of a flour (70 000 000$) without the competitor. Export from Canada - is not much more now than 1 500 000$ in year, and export from Hungary it is no more than 2 500 000$ in a year, [203], and they - the only thing
The countries to which we should compete in the West European markets. Nevertheless it needs to be remembered, that the Hungarian flour, owing to a climate drought in which it is made, it is better in the world while the flour of Canada has made of Manitoba, firm wheat is similarly unsurpassed. As a rule it is much more than one half of our full export of grains goes to the Great Britain. Germany - our following best client, but its import of our grains is no more that one fifth to one tenth that of the Great Britain. France arrives then, but its import of our grains is still more doubtful, in limits from half to one 100-th that from the Great Britain. Our other major customers for our grains (1) other states of Europe, (2) Canada, (3) countries of the South America, (4) West Indies, (5) Hongkong, (6) islands T of ocean, and (7) British Africa. Our export of grains to Japan and China (direct) [6], still slightly. Since end of war of Revolt our export of wheat has increased thirtyfold and our export of a flour fifteenfold. Our main things the states growing up wheat - Minnesota and California, everyone approximately with 50 000 000 in a year; then Kansas, Northern Dakota, Illinois, and South Dakota, everyone approximately with 30 000 000 in a year; and then Ohio, Indiana, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Michigan. The best wheat is grown up in the deep black soil rich with an organic question, valleys Red River of Minnesota, and in a dry, solar climate of California. The full crop on 1897 made 530 000 000 which made approximately 70 000 000 more than recent averages. The estimation within this year (1898) makes more than 600 000 000 which was also a crop on 1891. The full area which has sown to wheat, was within several years approximately 35 000 000 acres, but [204], the average is increased now
Approximately to 40 000 000 acres. Big as rough manufacture of our wheat, however, the crop in an acre is a little small, being only from 12 to 13 in comparison with 18 in Ontario, 20 in Manitoba, 26? In New Zealand, and 30 in the Great Britain. Actually, wheat crop in an acre is the lowest in the United States all big countries of the world making wheat, except Australia (7 - 11?), Italy (10?), Germany (10?), India (9?) And Russia (8). But it is much more than our manufacture of wheat our manufacture of grain. From grain we have almost 85 000 000 acres at and manufacture almost 2,500,000,000 . Our export of grain, however, is proportionally not big, and appears only approximately to 210 000 000 in a year, with value (including fodder grain) approximately 76 000 000$. As is known, Chicago - a great commercial centre of continent for grains. New York - great port of export for the Atlantic coast, San Francisco for Pacific coast. Duluth - the big point of reception for wheat of a valley Red River and northern . - the big point where wheat lowered from Chicago, Duluth, etc., in barges, 'back parts of a whale', and huge propellers, is thrown in small boats of Erie Canal for the car to New York. Minneapolis - the big flour-grinding point of continent, its factories which are greatest and most spacious in the world.
FOOTNOTES: